Frankincense
Easton's Bible Dictionary
(Heb. lebonah; Gr. libanos, i.e., “white”), an odorous resin imported from Arabia (Isa 60:6; Jer 6:20), yet also growing in Palestine (Song 4:14). It was one of the ingredients in the perfume of the sanctuary (Exod 30:34), and was used as an accompaniment of the meat-offering (Lev 2:1, 16; 6:15; 24:7). When burnt it emitted a fragrant odour, and hence the incense became a symbol of the Divine name (Mal 1:11; Song 1:3) and an emblem of prayer (Ps 141:2; Luke 1:10; Rev 5:8; 8:3).
This frankincense, or olibanum, used by the Jews in the temple services is not to be confounded with the frankincense of modern commerce, which is an exudation of the Norway spruce fir, the Pinus abies. It was probably a resin from the Indian tree known to botanists by the name of Boswellia serrata or thurifera, which grows to the height of forty feet.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
frants'-in-sens (lebhonah, from root meaning "whiteness," referring to the milky color of the fresh juice: Exod 30:34; Lev 2:1 f,15 f; 5:11; 6:15; 24:7; Num 5:15; 1 Chr 9:29; Neh 13:5; Neh 13:9; Song 3:6; Song 4:6; Song 4:14; Isa 43:23; Isa 60:6; Isa 66:3; Jer 6:20; Jer 17:26; Jeremiah 41:5; translated in the last six references "incense" in the King James Version, but correctly in the Revised Version (British and American); libanos: Matt 2:11; Rev 18:13. The English word is derived from old French franc encens, i.e. "pure incense"): The common frankincense of the pharmacopeas is a gum derived from the common fir, but the frankincense of the Jews, as well as of the Greeks and Romans, is a substance now called Olibanum (from the Arabic el luban), a product of certain trees of the genus Boswellia (Natural Order, Amyridaceae), growing on the limestone rocks of south Arabia and Somali-land (Isa 60:6; Jer 6:20). The most important species are B. Carteri and B. Frereana. Some of the trees grow to a considerable height and send down their roots to extraordinary depths. The gum is obtained by incising the bark,
and is collected in yellowish, semitransparent tears, readily pulverized; it has a nauseous taste. It is used for making incense for burning in churches and in Indian temples, as it was among the Jews (Exod 30:34). See INCENSE. It is often associated with myrrh (Song 3:6; Song 4:6) and with it was made an offering to the infant Saviour (Matt 2:11). A specially "pure" kind, lebhonah zakkah, was presented with the shewbread (Lev 24:7).
E. W. G. Masterman
Kilde: Easton's Bible Dictionary (M.G. Easton, 1897) og International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (red. James Orr, 1915/1939), public domain. Translated into Danish with AI and not yet proofread (fully or partially). Links to people and places: Theographic Bible Metadata (CC BY-SA 4.0).